Also known as academic dishonesty, cheating (in education) is hard to define, but most recognize it when they see it.
Pavela (1978) proposed a typology for academic dishonesty, composed of four parts: 1. Cheating “intentionally using or attempting to use unauthorized materials, information, or study aids in any academic exercise. The term academic exercise includes all forms of work submitted for credit or hours.” 2. Fabrication “intentional and unauthorized falsification or invention of any information or citation in an academic exercise.” 3. Plagiarism “deliberate adoption or reproduction of ideas or words or statements of another person as one’s own without acknowledgement.” 4. Facilitating academic dishonesty “intentionally or knowingly helping or attempting to help another” (to cheat). In their book, Academic Dishonesty—An Educator’s Guide, Whitley and Keith-Spiegel added 3 more categories: 5. Misrepresentation “Consists of providing false information to an instructor concerning an academic exercise.” 6. Failure to contribute to a collaborative project “involves not doing one’s fair share.” 7. Sabotage ” consists of actions that prevent others from completing their work.”